Risk of Extreme Early Frosts in Almond

In almond, late frost is the main factor determining viability of culture in cold areas, and flowering remains key addressing this issue. Climate change causing an increase frequency extreme weather events. 2021, period Spain after Filomena storm (11–14 January), which temperatures reached ?20 °C some regions, was a clear expression regard. many almond-growing these low affected closed flower buds most cultivars, except for extra-late ultra-late cultivars despite early stage development buds, leading crop failure. work, we show that only extra-early, almond had overcome their endodormancy fulfilled 40%, 31% 23% heat requirements flowering. Extra-late (with 2% covered) (still endodormancy) were not damaged. These results importance cultivating extra- to avoid but also during very buds.